Quantum-classical correspondence and dissipative to dissipationless crossover in magnetotransport phenomena.

The three-dimensional magneto-conductivity tensor was derived in a gauge invariant form based on the Kubo formula considering quantum effects under a magnetic field, such as the Landau quantization and quantum oscillations. We analytically demonstrated that the quantum formula of the magneto-conductivity can be obtained by adding a quantum oscillation factor to the classical formula. This result establishes the quantum-classical correspondence, which has long been missing in magnetotransport phenomena. Moreover, we found dissipative-to-dissipationless crossover in the Hall conductivity by paying special attention to the analytic properties of the thermal Green's function. Finally, by calculating the magnetoresistance of semimetals, we identified a phase shift in quantum oscillation originating from the dissipationless transport predominant at high fields.

Inaoside A: New antioxidant phenolic compound from the edible mushroom Laetiporus cremeiporus.

Laetiporus cremeiporus is the edible mushroom distributed in East Asia. It has been reported that an extract of L. cremeiporus exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. The aim of this study is to identify the antioxidant compound from L. cremeiporus. Guided by DPPH radical scavenging activity, a new antioxidant phenolic compound inaoside A (1) and three well-known bioactive compounds 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA, 2), nicotinamide (3), and adenosine (4) were isolated from L. cremeiporus. An antioxidant compound was isolated from L. cremeiporus for the first time. This is the first report of the isolation of 1, 2, and 4 from L. cremeiporus. The structures were determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis and chemical derivatization. The antioxidant activities of extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were evaluated by a DPPH radical scavenging assay. Compound 1 exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (80 % inhibition at 100 µg/mL, IC50 79.9 µM, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) = 0.36).

Near-complete de novo assembly of Tricholoma bakamatsutake chromosomes revealed the structural divergence and differentiation of Tricholoma genomes.

Tricholoma bakamatsutake, which is an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Fagaceae trees, may have diverged before the other species in Tricholoma section Caligata. We generated a highly contiguous whole-genome sequence for T. bakamatsutake SF-Tf05 isolated in an Oak (Quercus salicina) forest in Japan. The assembly of high-fidelity long reads, with a median read length of 12.3 kb, resulted in 13 chromosome-sized contigs comprising 142,068,211 bases with an average guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 43.94%. The 13 chromosomes were predicted to encode 11,060 genes. A contig (122,566 bases) presumably containing the whole circular mitochondrial genome was also recovered. The chromosome-wide comparison of T. bakamatsutake and Tricholoma matsutake (TMA_r1.0) indicated that the basic number of chromosomes (13) was conserved, but the structures of the corresponding chromosomes diverged, with multiple inversions and translocations. Gene conservation and cluster analyses revealed at least 3 phylogenetic clades in Tricholoma section Caligata. Specifically, all T. bakamatsutake strains belonged to the "bakamatsutake" clade, which is most proximal to the "caligatum" clade consisting of Tricholoma caligatum and Tricholoma fulvocastaneum. The constructed highly contiguous nearly telomere-to-telomere genome sequence of a T. bakamatsutake isolate will serve as a fundamental resource for future research on the evolution and differentiation of Tricholoma species.

The genome of Lyophyllum shimeji provides insight into the initial evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes.

Mycorrhizae are one of the most fundamental symbioses between plants and fungi, with ectomycorrhizae being the most widespread in boreal forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are hypothesized to have evolved convergently from saprotrophic ancestors in several fungal clades, especially members of the subdivision Agaricomycotina. Studies on fungal genomes have identified several typical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi, such as genome size expansion and decreases in plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, genomic changes concerning the evolutionary transition to the ectomycorrhizal lifestyle are largely unknown. In this study, we sequenced the genome of Lyophyllum shimeji, an ectomycorrhizal fungus that is phylogenetically related to saprotrophic species and retains some saprotroph-like traits. We found that the genome of Ly. shimeji strain AT787 lacks both incremental increases in genome size and reduced numbers of PCWDEs. Our findings suggest that the previously reported common genomic traits of mycorrhizal fungi are not essential for the ectomycorrhizal lifestyle, but are a result of abolishing saprotrophic activity. Since Ly. shimeji is commercially consumed as an edible mushroom, the newly available genomic information may also impact research designed to enhance the cultivation of this mushroom.

Evaluation of the circumferential location of mild reflux esophagitis (Grade A and B) in the lower esophagus.

Background and Aim: Discrepancies have been reported in the circumferential locations of mild mucosal breaks. We investigated their locations using a new method. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Eighty patients (Grade A/B: 53/27) with mild mucosal breaks in the lower esophagus were examined. Since the 3 o'clock position corresponded to the right wall of the lower esophagus using our method with sufficient accuracy, the circumferential locations of mucosal breaks were identified as times on a clock face, which were changed to circular data to calculate the mean direction. The circumferential distribution of mucosal breaks was evaluated in the single lesion group (single group) and multiple lesion group (multiple group). Results: Forty-eight of 80 patients had 1 mucosal break, while 32 had ≥2 mucosal breaks. Circumferential locations markedly differed between the single and multiple groups. In the single group, mucosal breaks were exclusively distributed between 2 and 7 o'clock, with 50% in the 3 o'clock direction (right wall). In the multiple group, 81 mucosal breaks were distributed circumferentially, not uniformly; however, at least 1 lesion was located between 2 and 7 o'clock in 91% of subjects. Therefore, a factor for the development of mucosal breaks from the right to posterior wall was present in both groups. Conclusion: In the single group, mucosal breaks were localized from the right to posterior wall, mainly in the right wall. In the multiple group, mucosal breaks were located circumferentially, but often between the right lateral and posterior wall. These two distributions significantly differed.Clinical trial registration: This is a retrospective study, so it was not registered.

Tricholoma alpinum, sp. nov., under five-needle pines in alpine and subalpine zones in Japan.

Alpine regions in Japan are characterized by the Siberian dwarf pine, Pinus pumila. Although these regions are conserved as national parks due to their unique biome, few reports of the fungal biota are available. We examined mushroom fungi under such vegetation and found a unique yellowish-capped Tricholoma species. Multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological observation of specimens showed that the Tricholoma species is very similar to T. fumosoluteum known in North America. The Japanese yellowish-capped T. aff. fumosoluteum had larger basidiospores and basidia and shorter pileipellis hyphae compared with T. fumosoluteum. Therefore, we describe the Japanese entity as a new species, T. alpinum.

Cultivation studies of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: successful establishment of ectomycorrhizal associations in vitro and efficient production of fruiting bodies.

Most edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are harvested in forests or controlled tree plantations; examples include truffles, chanterelles, porcinis, saffron milk caps, and matsutake. This study explored recent advances in in vitro ectomycorrhizal cultivation of chanterelles and matsutakes for successful ectomycorrhizal seedling establishment and the subsequent manipulation of these seedlings for efficient fruiting body production. Chanterelle cultivation studies have been limited due to the difficulty of establishing pure cultures. However, once pure cultures were established in the Japanese yellow chanterelle (Cantharellus anzutake), its ectomycorrhizal manipulation produced fruiting bodies under controlled laboratory conditions. As C. anzutake strains have fruited repeatedly under ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with pine and oak seedlings, mating tests for the cross breeding are ongoing issues. As one of the established strains C-23 has full-genome sequence, its application for various type of ectomycorrhizal studies is also expected. By contrast, Tricholoma matsutake fruiting bodies have not yet been produced under controlled conditions, despite successful establishment of ectomycorrhizal seedlings. At present, the shiro structure of ≈1L in volume can be provided in two y incubation with pine hosts under controlled environmental conditions. Therefore, further studies that provides larger shiro on the host root system are desired for the outplantation trial and fruiting.

New findings on the fungal species Tricholoma matsutake from Ukraine, and revision of its taxonomy and biogeography based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses.

Matsutake mushrooms are among the best-known edible wild mushroom taxa worldwide. The representative Tricholoma matsutake is from East Asia and the northern and central regions of Europe. Here, we report the existence of T. matsutake under fir trees in Eastern Europe (i.e., Ukraine), as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of nine loci on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. All specimens from Japan, Bhutan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Sweden, Finland, and Ukraine formed a T. matsutake clade according to the phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer region. The European population of T. matsutake was clustered based on the ß2 tubulin gene, with a moderate bootstrap value. In contrast, based on analyses of three loci, i.e., rpb2, tef1, and the ß2 tubulin gene, T. matsutake specimens sampled from Bhutan and China belonged to a clade independent of the other specimens of this species, implying a genetically isolated population. As biologically available type specimens of T. matsutake have not been designated since its description as a new species from Japan in 1925, we established an epitype of this fungus, sampled in a Pinus densiflora forest in Nagano, Japan.

Tuber torulosum: A new truffle species decorated with moniliform cystidia from Japan.

We describe a new truffle species, Tuber torulosum, based on molecular and morphological analyses. This species forms a single globose ascospore per ascus, pale yellow in color, as do Japanese T. flavidosporum and Chinese T. turmericum and T. xanthomonosporum in the Japonicum clade of the Tuber phylogeny. However, it can be distinguished from them microscopically by its whitish tomentose mycelium that partially covers the ascoma surface and the mesh size of its spore ornamentation. Cystidia are moniliform and yellowish to reddish. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer and partial large subunit regions of ribosomal DNA also supports T. torulosum as a distinct species. On the basis of our results, we provide a key to species in the Japonicum clade.

Spore germination and ectomycorrhizae formation of Tricholoma matsutake on pine root systems with previously established ectomycorrhizae from a dikaryotic mycelial isolate of T. matsutake.

In vitro ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Tricholoma matsutake with host plants has been widely conducted to elucidate fungal symbiotic properties for future cultivation practices. Here, we report on the importance of basidiospore inocula for this fungus to provide ectomycorrhizal seedlings in vitro. Ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings synthesized in vitro with cultured mycelium of T. matsutake (isolate #45 or #84) in a 250-mL culture vessel (soil volume) were transplanted to a large 1-L culture vessel. Fresh basidiospores of this fungus were aseptically inoculated on the ectomycorrhizal root system. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings in the 1-L vessel were grown for 9 months, and some plants were further grown for 6 more months under non-aseptic conditions in 4.1-L jars. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings previously inoculated with isolate #84 in the 1-L vessel showed significant ectomycorrhizal biomass (mycorrhizal root length) after spore inoculation. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings in the 4.1-L vessel showed large shiro structures (> 10 cm in diameter). PCR amplification of intergenic spacer 1 of the rRNA gene and long terminal repeat retroelement of T. matsutake in ectomycorrhizal root tips in both the 1-L vessels and 4.1-L jars revealed the presence of amplicons of the previously inoculated culture isolate of T. matsutake and the new genet(s) that established via germination of the inoculated basidiospores. This is the first report that inoculated basidiospores of T. matsutake germinated and colonized the host root to generate ectomycorrhizae in vitro.

Quantification of ustalic acid, a chemotaxonomic marker, in Tricholoma ustale using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The development of methods for the detection and qualification of toxic substances in mushrooms is a rapidly growing research area in forensic toxicology. This study aimed to determine liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions applicable to the analysis of ustalic acid (UA) in Tricholoma ustale. We used HPLC coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry (Q-MS) with electrospray ionization in its negative ion mode to analyze UA. We performed HPLC separations on a C18 reversed-phase column with gradient elution using mobile phases containing water, acetonitrile, and formic acid. The MS showed that UA formed the deprotonated molecular ion [M-H]- at m/z 337, which was sufficient for the quantitative analysis of the compound. The average recovery rates of UA from four edible mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondosa) to which 10.0 µg/g of UA was added were 108%, 104%, 108%, and 107%, respectively, and the relative standard deviation values ranged from 4.1 to 6.4%. Quantitative analysis of UA in three systematically collected individual mushrooms of T. ustale revealed 41.9-155.7 ppm in each dry material. We also explored the fragmentation behaviors of UA in triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and the proposed structures for the product ions. The data suggest that conventional Q-MS with authenticated UA would be able to identify this compound in T. ustale when used for the immediate inspection of incidences of poisoning. Confirmation of the presence of UA in T. ustale would ultimately allow for the chemotaxonomic discrimination of Tricholoma species.

Taxonomic revision of the Japanese Tricholoma ustale and closely related species based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological data.

"Kakishimeji" identified as Tricholoma ustale and belonging to Tricholoma sect. Genuina is a common poisonous mushroom in Japan. Kakishimeji contains the toxic compound ustalic acid and causes digestive trouble. However, this fungus is consumed in some regions of Japan without any digestive issues. We clarified the probable species complex of Kakishimeji based on a phylogenetic analysis. We collected 89 basidioma specimens of Kakishimeji and related species from various forest sites in Japan and conducted phylogenetic analyses using 7 nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Kakishimeji was found to consist of four distinct phylogenetic clades based on all DNA regions tested. Of these, two clades included European T. stans and T. albobrunneum type specimens. Another two clades consisted of sister clades to T. pessundatum and T. ustaloides. In addition, all four phylogenetic clades of Kakishimeji had different spore and basidium sizes. Therefore, we regarded the latter two clades as two new Tricholoma species: T. kakishimeji and T. kakishimejioides.

Tricholoma olivaceonigrum, a new species of the section Tricholoma (Agaricales) from Japan.

A novel species of Tricholoma section Tricholoma, namely, T. olivaceonigrum, is described and illustrated based on samples found in an oak woods dominated by Quercus myrsinifolia, an evergreen oak, in Tottori Prefecture, western Japan. It is characterized by a conic-umbonate, dark-greenish olivaceous pileus with blackish innate fibrils; a whitish silky-fibrillose stipe, often faintly tinted pale yellow and with a narrowed subpointed base; subglobose to broadly elliptic spores; and fruiting in early winter. Phylogenetic analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene revealed that T. olivaceonigrum forms a well-supported clade sister to T. portentosum. Other morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species of the section Tricholoma are discussed.

Defining the Position of the Right Wall of the Esophageal Hiatus to Identify the Circumferential Distribution of Small Lesions of the Lower Esophagus.

BACKGROUND: The reliability of methods for identifying the circumferential position of small lower esophageal lesions is unknown. We prospectively investigated a new method that presents lesion positions as times on a clock face. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients were consecutively examined by endoscopy. After observing the esophagus, an endoscope was inserted into the stomach and fixed, and the greater curvature folds at the upper gastric corpus were set as horizontal on the endoscope monitor display. The scope was retrogressed into the lower esophagus. At this point, the right wall at the hiatus is at the 3 o'clock position (R-line). The scope was then retrogressed from the gastric angle to the cardia along the center of the lesser curvature in the retroflexed view to obtain the LC-line (the center of the lesser curvature at the cardia). The LC-line in the esophageal hiatus in the frontal view was then identified, and the angle between the R- and LC-lines (R-LC) was measured. RESULTS: After excluding 7 patients with hernias >2 cm and 3 with esophageal stenosis, data from 77 patients were analyzed. The R-LC angle ranged from -38° to +35°. The mean R-LC angle was -0.3°± 15.9°, and its 95% confidence interval was [-4.0°, 3.3°] within [-15°, + 15°]. When indicating lesion locations as times on a clock face, there was an error of ±30 min (±15°); therefore, R- and LC-lines were shown to be identical on an equivalence test. CONCLUSIONS: This new method allows the circumferential position of small lower esophageal lesions to be reliably represented as a clock face.

Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits.

Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation of transposable elements and (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild.

Taxonomic study of Endogonaceae in the Japanese islands: New species of Endogone, Jimgerdemannia, and Vinositunica, gen. nov.

Species of Endogonaceae (Endogonales, Mucoromycotina) are characterized by the formation of relatively large sporocarps and zygosporangia. Numerous species in this family remain undescribed or have unclear phylogenetic positions. In Asia specifically, the species diversity of this family is almost completely unknown. However, many mycobionts of bryophytes belonging to several novel clades in Endogonaceae have recently been identified phylogenetically. Therefore, establishing a robust taxonomic system for this family is essential. We obtained numerous sporocarps of undescribed Endogonaceae-like species from the Japanese islands. Morphological observation and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of nuc 18S rDNA (18S), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and portions of two nuclear protein-coding regions-translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase II large subunit (rpb1)-from these species resulted in the description of one new species each of Endogone and Jimgerdemannia and two new species of Vinositunica, gen. nov. Because Vinositunica is characterized by purplish sporocarps and red-wine-colored chlamydospores up to 700 µm in diameter, we emended the definition of Endogonaceae.

Dual colonization of Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungi in the basal liverwort, Haplomitrium mnioides (Haplomitriopsida).

In general, Glomeromycotina was thought to be the earliest fungi forming mycorrhiza-like structure (MLS) in land plant evolution. In contrast, because the earliest divergent lineage of extant land plants, i.e. Haplomitriopsida liverworts, associates only with Mucoromycotina mycobionts, recent studies suggested that those fungi are novel candidates for the earliest mycobionts. Therefore, Mucoromycotina-Haplomitriopsida association currently attracts attention as an ancient mycorrhiza-like association. However, mycobionts were identified in only 7 of 16 Haplomitriopsida species and the mycobionts diversity of this lineage is largely unclarified. To clarify the taxonomic composition of mycobionts in Haplomitriopsida, we observed MLSs in the rhizome of Haplomitrium mnioides (Haplomitriopsida), the Asian representative Haplomitriopsida species, and conducted molecular identification of mycobionts. It was recorded for the first time that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina co-occur in Haplomitriopsida as mycobionts. Significantly, the arbuscule-like branching (ALB) of Glomeromycotina was newly described. As the Mucoromycotina fungi forming MLSs in H. mnioides, Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae were detected, in which size differences of hyphal swelling (HS) were found between the fungal families. This study provides a novel evidence in the MLS of Haplomitriopsida, i.e. the existence of Glomeromycotina association as well as the dominant Mucoromycotina association. In addition, since hyphal characteristics of the HS-type MLS were quite similar to those of fine endophytes (FE) of Endogonales in other bryophytes and vascular plants previously described, this MLS is suggested to be included in FE. These results suggest that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina were acquired concurrently as the mycobionts by the earliest land plants evolved into arbuscular mycorrhizae and FE. Therefore, dual association of Haplomitriopsida, with Endogonales and Glomeromycotina will provide us novel insight on how the earliest land plants adapted to terrestrial habitats with fungi.

Repeated fruiting of Japanese golden chanterelle in pot culture with host seedlings.

Yellow chanterelles are among the most popular wild edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms worldwide. The representative European golden chanterelle, Cantharellus cibarius, has only once been reported to fruit under greenhouse conditions, due to the difficulty of establishing pure culture. Recently, we developed a new technique for establishing a pure culture of a Japanese golden chanterelle (Cantharellus anzutake), and conducted in vitro ectomycorrhizal synthesis using established strains and Pinus densiflora. Acclimated pine mycorrhizal seedlings colonized with C. anzutake in a pot system under laboratory conditions produced small but distinct basidiomata with developed basidiospores. C. anzutake mycorrhizae were established on Quercus serrata seedlings by inoculation of mycorrhizal root tips of the fungus synthesized on P. densiflora. A scaled-up C. anzutake-host system in larger pots (4 L soil volume) exhibited repeated fruiting at 20-24 °C under continuous light illumination at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 during a 2-year incubation period. Therefore, a C. anzutake cultivation trial is practical under controlled environmental conditions.

Prediction of the Standard Gibbs Energy of Ion Transfer across the 1,2-Dichloroethane/Water Interface.

The standard Gibbs energy of ion transfer at the 1,2-dichloroethane/water interface (ΔGtr°,W→O) was determined for 26 organic cations and 24 anions by means of ion-transfer voltammetry with a micro oil/water interface. Based on the data sets, a theoretical analysis was performed with the non-Bornian solvation model, in which the solvation energy of an organic ion is evaluated from local electric fields on the surface of the ion. The semi-empirical equations thus obtained are available for relatively accurate prediction of ΔGtr°,W→O for organic ions. The mean absolute error was 1.9 or 3.1 kJ mol-1 for cations or anions, respectively, corresponding to the error of ∼20 or ∼30 mV in the standard ion-transfer potential. In this paper, energy decomposition has been performed to discuss different contributions to ΔGtr°,W→O from the "hydrated" (strongly charged) and positively and negatively charged "non-hydrated" (moderately charged) surfaces as well as from the hydrophobic interaction (cavity formation energy).

First detection of Endogone ectomycorrhizas in natural oak forests.

The order Endogonales in Mucoromycotina, an early divergent lineage of fungi, includes ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. This order is therefore considered a key taxon for elucidation of the evolution of EM associations. Recent studies have revealed high diversity of EM lineages of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota; however, EM associations of Endogonales and its relatives remain largely unknown. In this study, EM root tips with a unique fungal sheath, with aseptate and highly branched hyphae of variable widths, were identified in Quercus acutissima and Quercus crispula forests in the temperate zone of Japan. The mycobionts were confirmed as Endogone sp., which were placed as a sister clade of Endogone pisiformis, based on phylogenetic analyses of the small and large subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and elongation factor-1α genes. This is the first report of EM of Endogone in natural forests of the Northern Hemisphere and the first finding on Quercus.